The Indian judiciary system is one of the most complex and exhaustive systems that consists of a variety of courts for different types of cases. These courts can be categorized into four broad categories, namely - the Supreme Court, High Court, District Court, and Subordinate/Judicial Magistrate Court. In this article, we will go into detail about the various types of courts in India, their jurisdiction, and functions.
1. Supreme Court of India
The Supreme Court of India is the highest court in the country and was established under Part V, Chapter IV of the Indian Constitution. The Supreme Court of India has the power to hear appeals from any court or tribunal in the country, from civil, criminal, and constitutional matters.
The Supreme Court of India consists of the Chief Justice of India and a maximum of 30 additional judges appointed by the President of India. The Supreme Court of India has two types of jurisdictions - original and appellate.
Original Jurisdiction: The Supreme Court has original jurisdiction over disputes between the Union of India and the State, or between the State and other States. The Supreme Court also has the power to hear and decide disputes between the Union or States and private parties.
Appellate Jurisdiction: Under its appellate jurisdiction, the Supreme Court hears appeals against the verdicts of High Courts, and the judgment, order or decree of any tribunal, legal, or constitutional authority except those whose jurisdiction is specifically excluded under Article 131 of the Indian Constitution.
2. High Courts
In India, each state and union territory has a High Court. The High Court is the highest court in each state or union territory and has the jurisdiction to hear appeals from subordinate courts and tribunals.
The High Court of each state is headed by a Chief Justice and has several other judges appointed by the President of India. The High Court has two types of jurisdictions - appellate and supervisory.
Appellate Jurisdiction: The High Court can hear appeals from the judgments, orders or decrees of subordinate courts and tribunals located in its jurisdictional area. The High Court can also hear appeals against decisions made by lower courts in civil and criminal cases.
Supervisory Jurisdiction: Under its supervisory jurisdiction, the High Court has the power to supervise the functioning of lower courts and tribunals. It can issue directions, writs, and orders to the lower courts and tribunals and can also transfer cases from one court to another.
3. District Court
District Courts are the primary courts in India for civil and criminal cases within the jurisdiction of the district. These courts are located in every district and are presided over by a District Judge. In some cases, there may be additional judges appointed to handle the workload of the court.
District Courts have three types of jurisdictions - Original, Appellate, and Revisional.
Original Jurisdiction: District Courts have the power to hear and decide civil and criminal cases within their jurisdictional area.
Appellate Jurisdiction: District Courts also have the power to hear appeals from the judgments of lower courts subordinate to them.
Revisional Jurisdiction: Under its revisional jurisdiction, the District Court can revise the judgments of the subordinate courts if they are found to be erroneous, illegal or contrary to law.
4. Subordinate/Judicial Magistrate Courts
Subordinate/Judicial Magistrate Courts are located in every taluka and are presided over by a Judicial Magistrate. These courts have the power to hear and decide petty criminal and civil cases within their jurisdiction.
Subordinate/Judicial Magistrate Courts have three types of jurisdictions - Original, Appellate, and Revisional.
Original Jurisdiction: These courts have the power to hear and decide civil and criminal cases within their jurisdictional area.
Appellate Jurisdiction: Subordinate/Judicial Magistrate Courts also have the power to hear appeals from the judgments of lower courts and tribunals subordinate to them.
Revisional Jurisdiction: Under its revisional jurisdiction, the Subordinate/Judicial Magistrate Court can revise the judgments of the subordinate courts if they are found to be erroneous, illegal or contrary to law.
Conclusion
The Indian judiciary system comprises an extensive web of courts. Each court has specific functions, and their jurisdictional authority is based on the constitution, statutes, and regulations. The courts play an essential role in upholding the rule of law and dispensing justice to the citizens of India.
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