Religious institutions

a. Religious institution

Ans. A religious institution is an organization or establishment that is devoted to the worship or service of a particular religion or deity. It can include churches, temples, mosques, synagogues, and other places of worship, as well as religious schools, monasteries, and other religious organizations.  Religious institutions often play a central role in the lives of individuals and communities, providing a sense of community, spiritual guidance, and moral instruction.

b. Evolutionism

Ans. Evolutionism is a theoretical perspective in anthropology that emphasizes the role of biological and cultural evolution in shaping human behavior and societies. It holds that human societies have evolved over time, from simple to complex forms, and that this process is driven by biological and cultural factors.

Evolutionism was a dominant perspective in anthropology in the late 19th and early 20th centuries, but it has since been largely discredited and replaced by other theoretical perspectives such as cultural ecology, structuralism and post-modernism. 

c. Structural- functionalism

Ans. Structural-functionalism is a theoretical perspective in anthropology that emphasizes the role of social structures and institutions in shaping human behavior and societies. It holds that societies are made up of interdependent parts, each of which serves a specific function and contributes to the overall stability and functioning of the society.

Structural-functionalism was a dominant perspective in anthropology in the mid-20th century, but it has since been largely discredited and replaced by other theoretical perspectives such as cultural ecology, post-modernism and structural Marxism. 

d. Rapport Building

Ans. Rapport building is the process of establishing a positive and trusting relationship between a researcher and the individuals or communities being studied.

This is an important aspect of anthropological research, especially in ethnographic fieldwork. It involves getting to know the people being studied, gaining their trust and understanding their culture and context. This can help to ensure that the data collected is accurate and ethical, and it also helps to protect the researcher from any potential harm.

e. Tribes and Bands

Ans. Tribes and bands are terms used in anthropology to describe small-scale societies and communities.  A tribe is generally considered to be a larger and more complex society, characterized by a more centralized political organization, a specialized division of labor, and a greater level of social stratification.

A band, on the other hand, is considered to be a smaller and more egalitarian society, characterized by a more informal political organization and a more equal distribution of resources. Both tribes and bands are based on kinship ties and communal living, and they are often considered to be examples of traditional or pre-state societies.

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