Characteristics of crowding

 The characteristics of crowding are as follows:

1. Crowding as a stressor situation and experience of crowding as a syndrome: Crowding causes stress, and the stress can be at the physical, psychological, and social levels.

2. Non-social vs social crowding: Non-social crowding refers to the feeling cramped due to the purely physical limitation of the space. Non-social crowding is basically about spatial restriction whereas social crowding is about other people in that space and our relationship with them. Thus, factors influencing social crowding are not only physical but psychological too.

3. Crowding vs undercrowding: Crowded spaces have a severe shortage of space. Undercrowded space refers to the excessive available space that is not required.

4. Psychological response to crowding: The psychological consequences of crowding are related to two basic assumptions related to crowding:

a. It involves the perception of insufficient control over the environment.

b. It increases the desire to put more space between oneself and others as a means of avoiding actual or anticipated interferences. This provides insights into the nature and determinants of perceived crowding. In general, overstimulation, behavioral constraints, and resources scarcities define the experience of crowding (Tiwari & Mathur, 2014)

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