Mention some of the types of cities.

 Segment 1: Developed Economy, Legacy City

Examples: London, Detroit, Tokyo, Singapore 

Characteristics: Any intervention in a legacy city has to dismantle something that existed before – a road or building, or even a regulatory authority or an entrenched service business. Slow demographic growth in developed economies creates a zero-sum situation

Segment 2: Emerging Economy, Legacy City

Examples: Mumbai, São Paolo, Jakarta

Characteristics: Most physical and institutional structures are already in place in these megacities, but with fast-growing populations and severe congestion, there is an opportunity to create value by improving efficiency and livability, and there is a market of customers with cash to pay for these benefits.

Segment 3: Emerging Economy, New City

Examples: Phu My Hung, Vietnam; Suzhou, China; Astana, Kazakhstan; Singapore (historically)

Characteristics: These cities tend to have high population growth and high growth rates in GDP per capita, demographic and economic tailwinds that help to boost returns.

Segment 4: Developed Economy, New City 

Examples and characteristics: Such cities are very rare. All the moment, almost all selfproclaimed “new cities” in the developed world are in fact large, integrated real-estate developments with an urban theme, usually in close proximity to a true municipality.

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