Epidemiology: Epidemiology is the method used to find the causes of health outcomes and diseases in populations.
In epidemiology, the patient is the community and individuals are viewed collectively. By definition, epidemiology is the study (scientific, systematic, and data-driven) of the distribution (frequency, pattern) and determinants (causes, risk factors) of health-related states and events (not just diseases) in specified populations (neighborhood, school, city, state, country, global).
It is also the application of this study to the control of health problems.
Randomized studies:
Randomized studies are classified into randomized clinical trials, field trials and community trials.
1 Randomized Clinical Trials: In randomized clinical trials, the efficacy of medications/new treatments/new devices are investigated. This kind of study design is useful to study the effect of the single intervention on multiple outcomes.
2 Field Trials: This type of trials is conducted in the field i.e. general population and involves healthy subjects or groups. The effect of intervention on the multiple outcomes can be studied in this study design.
3 Community Trials: The unit of these trials are communities. In the selected communities, some communities are assigned to exposure and others not.
4 Non-randomized Trials: Epidemiology Ethical, financial and administrative constraints, the requirement of large manpower, larger sample size and applicability of some interventions to groups than individual limits the use of RCTs and necessitates the employing of non-randomized studies (trials).
5 Uncontrolled Trials: These are useful to know the effect of the intervention, dose of the therapeutic agent, and adverse reactions.
6 Natural Trials: When observations mimic the experiment those can be used to test the hypothesis of a relation between exposure and outcome.
7 Pre and Post Interventional Trials: A clinical variable of interest is chosen for this study and measured before and after the intervention in the same group.
Subcribe on Youtube - IGNOU SERVICE
For PDF copy of Solved Assignment
WhatsApp Us - 9113311883(Paid)
0 Comments
Please do not enter any Spam link in the comment box