Explain the major steps involved in the process of gluconeogenesis.

 In glycolysis there are three highly exergonic steps (steps 1,3,10). These are also regulatory steps which include the enzymes hexokinase, phosphofructokinase, and pyruvate kinase. ... Pyruvate carboxylase is found on the mitochondria and converts pyruvate into oxaloacetate.

Our body needs glucose, which comes from carbohydrates, to survive. The brain can only use energy that has come from glucose, yet the body can only store enough glucose to last for less than two hours. So what happens if you only eat meat for a day? What does the body do to prevent us from dying? It's through gluconeogenesis, which is a pathway used by the body to create glucose from other molecules. This is the pathway that prevents us from dying when we haven't had any bread, vegetables, or other carbohydrates for a few hours.

Our body needs glucose, which comes from carbohydrates, to survive. The brain can only use energy that has come from glucose, yet the body can only store enough glucose to last for less than two hours. So what happens if you only eat meat for a day? What does the body do to prevent us from dying? It's through gluconeogenesis, which is a pathway used by the body to create glucose from other molecules. This is the pathway that prevents us from dying when we haven't had any bread, vegetables, or other carbohydrates for a few hours.

The Steps of Gluconeogenesis

Glycolysis is the process of converting glucose into energy. The body has two types of reactions: ones that build products, such as muscle or glucose, and ones that break products down. When products are being built, energy is required. When products are being broken down, energy is created. Glycolysis is one process that breaks products down, so it creates energy. Gluconeogenesis is the reverse of glycolysis, with an extra step, which means it is a process that requires energy to be put into the reaction in order for it to occur.

There are nine steps and one sub-step in gluconeogenesis:

Step #1: Pyruvate gets converted into phosphoenolpyruvate. This is the step that requires a sub step in order for it to occur. When phosphoenolpyruvate is converted into pyruvate in glycolysis, a lot of energy is released. So doing the reverse is not energy-favorable. This is why two steps are needed. The sub-step makes it so that less energy needs to be used. The first step adds a carbon dioxide into the pyruvate-forming oxaloacetate. By then removing the carbon dioxide, the energy is created to add the phosphate into the pyruvate and rearrange the double bond to form phosphoenolpyruvate.

After the phosphoenolpyruvate is formed, the steps are similar to glycolysis, but in the reverse. Most of these steps are just rearranging the previous compound:

Step #2: Phosphoenolpyruvate rearranges into 2-phosphoglycerate.

Step #3: 2-phosphoglycerate rearranges into 3-phosphoglycerate.

Step #4: 3-phosphoglycerate gets another phosphate added, forming 1,3-bisphosphoglycerate.

Step #5: 1,3-bisphosphoglycerate rearranges into glyceraldehyde.

Step #6: Glyceraldehyde combines with another 1,3-bisphosphoglycerate to form fructose 1,6- bisphosphate. 

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