Azad Hind Fauj

6. Azad Hind Fauj

Ans – Azad Hind Fauj:

On October 23-24, 1943 in the midnight, the Azad Hind Government declared war on Britain and USA. The latter was included because there were American forces on Indian soil, although the USA was in fact sympathetic to the demands for Indian freedom. Within a year, lakhs of Indian expatriates signed oath of citizenship in Southeast Asia by declaring: 'l, a member of the Azad Hind Sangh, do hereby solemnly promise in the name of God and take this holy oath that I will be absolutely loyal and faithful to the Provisional Government of Azad Hind, and shall be always prepared for any sacrifice for the cause of the freedom of our motherland, under the leadership of Subhas Chandra Bose'.

The Azad Hind Government headquarters was shifted to Burma from Singapore in January 1944. Bose prepared an alternative structure of government with a full-fledged cabinet and ministers, the Azad National Bank, its own postage stamp, and a national currency.

7. Nehru Report (1928)

Ans – Nehru Report (1928):

The Nehru Report had the primary motive of assigning Dominion status to India within the British Commonwealth. The Nehru Report demanded that the Fundamental Rights for the people of India wouldn't be subjected to forfeiture. The reports had drowned an inspiration from the American bill ofrights which laid to the foundation of Fundamental Rights provision in the Indian Constitution. The major components of the Nehru Report are:

i) Bill of Rights.

ii) Assigning Equal rights to men and women as citizens.

iii) Formation of a federal form of government with residuary powers in the hands of Centre.

iv) Proposal for the creation of Supreme Court.

8. Reform Movements in nineteenth-century India

Ans – Reform Movements in nineteenth-century India:

The earliest expression of reform was in Bengal, initiated by Rammohun Roy. He founded the Atmiya Sabha in 1814, which was the forerunner of Brahmo Samaj organized by him in 1829. The spirit of reform soon manifested itself in other parts of the country. The Pararnahansa Mandali and Prarthana Samaj in Maharashtra and Arya Samaj in Punjab and other parts of north India were some of the prominentmovements among the Hindus. There were several other regional and caste movements like KayasthaSabha in U.P. and Sarin Sabha in Punjab.

Among the backward castes too reformation struck roots: The Satya Sodhak Samaj in Maharashtra and Sri Narayana Dharma Paripalana Sabha in Kerala. The Ahmadiya and Aligarh movements, the Sing Sabha and the Rehnumai Mazdeyasan Sabha represented the spirit of reform among the Muslims, the Sikhs and the Parsees respectively.

9. Drain of Wealth

Ans – Drain of Wealth:

The critique of the drain of wealth from India became probably the most popular sentiment in the anti- colonial nationalist narrative. That the colonial rulers were taking out India's money leading to country's impoverishment was conceived as the biggest economic evil of the colonial regime. Drain was conceived as unilateral transfer of resources from India to Britain without any corresponding economic and commercial gain. The venerated nationalist, Dadabhai Naoroji, was the originator of the 'drain theory'. In 1867, in a speech, he argued that Britain was siphoning off India's wealth which amounted to about 25 per cent of country's revenue which was 'added to the resources of England'.

In 1873, he further criticised Britain for 'ignoring India's interests, and making it the drudge for the benefit of England'. This, he stated, was unnatural and a monstrous evil. He declared that 'to stop the bleeding drain from India' was 'the most important question of the day' and exhorted his countrymen to summon all their energies to solve this problem. For about fifty years he carried on his struggle against drain. His book Poverty and Un-British Rule in India remains a significant milestone in the formulation of the nationalist political economy.

10. Revolutionary Nationalists in Bengal

Ans – Revolutionary Nationalists in Bengal:

In Bengal too the revolutionary nationalists began reorganization after 1922. They resumed large-scale terrorist propaganda in the press and developed their underground activities. At the same time they continued to work in the Congress organization from. the village to the provincial levels. This was becausethey realized that the Congress had developed under Gandhiji's leadership a mass base, wd work inside the Congress enabled the revolutionaries to get access to the masses, in particular the youth.

At the same time their role within the Congress enabled it to acquire active workers in the small towns and rural areas. In many ways, C.R. Das acted as an emotional link between the revolutionaries and the Congress. After his death, the Congress leadership gradually got divided into two wings, one led by Subhas Chandra Bose and the other by J.M. Sengupta. The revolutionaries too got divided. The Yugantar joined forces with the Bose wing and the Anushilan group with the Sengupta wing.

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