Write a note on local governance in Brazil.

 Brazil is a federal country with a presidential system which it has had for over a hundred years since it became a republic. The federal government has always been the leading actor in the federation throughout both authoritarian and democratic regimes.

Throughout its history and until the 1990s, Brazil has had a history of economic boom and bust and its development has been hampered by high inflation, excessive indebtedness, political turmoil and two long periods of authoritarian rule. The federal system has also experienced periods of centralization followed by decentralization. 

Brazil is a highly centralized system, in which local units have very little authority. Each of Brazil’s 26 states has its own constitution and popularly elected legislature and governor. The states are divided into 5,507 municipalities, which are, in turn, divided into districts. Each municipality has its own elected council and mayor. The state and municipal legislative bodies are subordinate to the federal government.

Municipal authorities are responsible for the construction and maintenance of roads, the creation and upkeep of public parks and museums, and for the program of primary education. As districts increase in population, they, in turn, become municipalities. The large municipalities are important political units and may rival the state in political power.

The largest city in each municipality serves as the capital, and usually the largest city in the largest municipality serves as the state capital. The Federal District government in Brasília is appointed by the president with Senate approval. 

In 1960, after Brasília became the new capital, the former Federal District, comprising Rio de Janeiro and the 1,165 sq km (450 sq mi) surrounding it, became the state of Guanabara. Eventually this state was amalgamated into the state of Rio de Janeiro. From 1979 on, a few previously unincorporated territories became states.

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