Ryotwari System

Ryotwari System: Ryotwari system, one of the three principal methods of revenue collection in British India.

It was prevalent in most of southern India, being the standard system of the Madras Presidency (a British-controlled area now constituting much of present-day Tamil Nadu and portions of neighboring states).

The system was devised by Capt. Alexander Read and Thomas Munro at the end of the 18th century and introduced by the latter when he was governor of Madras.

The principle was the direct collection of the land revenue from each individual cultivator by government agents. 

For this purpose all holdings were measured and assessed according to crop potential and actual cultivation.

The advantages of this system were the elimination of middlemen, who often oppressed villagers, and an assessment of the tax on land actually cultivated and not merely occupied. Offsetting these advantages was the cost of detailed measurement and of individual collection.

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