Marx’s concept of Alienation: Alienation literally means “separation form”, it can be used in sociological meaning. Marx conceived of alienation as a phenomena related to the structure of those societies in which producer is divorced from the means of production and in which “dead labour” dominates “living labour”.
In Marx sense alienation is an action through which a person, a group, an institution, or a society becomes alien.
(a) To the result or products of its own activity.
(b) To the nature in which it lives.
(c) To other human beings, and in addition and through any or all of (a) to (c) also
(d) To itself.
Alienation is always self-alienation, i.e. one’s alleviation from oneself through one’s own activity. It is not descriptive concept.
De-alienation: According to Marx, alienation means, a sense of the term cannot be overcome by the re-organisation of the economy, radical programme of transformation.
Alienation of the society and of the individual are integrally connected. That means de-alienation of neither can be carried out without the other, nor can one be reduced to other. The concept of alienation as a key tool of analysis in Marx’s view.
Karl Marx argued that alienation was a natural consequence of capitalism because of several reasons. This is because the workers are manipulated by the forces of capitalism in order to increase productivity and output. The results are that the workers will ultimately lose hope and determination. This is because the capitalists strive to ensure that the work activities of the workers are oriented towards specific goals and objectives. The desire of organizations is to ensure that workers can be exploited to attain the maximum surplus value. The worker is considered to be an instrument which leads to the loss of personal identity. It can lead to frustration and resentment since the modes of production are privately owned. Marx argued that the capitalist system seeks to create an illusion that workers are adequately compensated for the work that is performed. In essence, the capitalist system seeks to control the workers by deriving the benefits from the work activities of the latter. This can create alienation which can lead to serious consequences for entire society. In addition, the consumers are manipulated which is achieved through the offering of products. The huge profits reaped by the capitalist system also can cause high levels of resentment and frustration among the workers. According to the Marx, the primary form of alienation is when the workers’ feel disillusioned with the work activities. This is true for me in many ways. A sales job can be frustrating as we are told to meet basic targets and increase the revenues of the firm.
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