Describe the principles of curriculum planning.

 Principles of curriculum planning

1) Principle of Flexibility: The curriculum planning must be adaptable to the particular needs of an educational institution. It must also be responsive to social and technological changes and meet learner’s needs arising from that change process. In particular, it must encourage effective use of new technologies as tools of learning. While students must have a large amount of flexibility in choosing their individual curricula, certain subjects, skills, and capacities should be learned by all students to become good, successful, innovative, adaptable, and productive human beings in today’s rapidly changing world (NEP,2020, p.15).

2) Principle of Integration, Breadth and Balance: Specific sets of skills and abilities across domains namely, cognitive, affective and psychomotor will be identified for integration and incorporation at each stage of learning, from pre-school to higher education. A holistic curriculum aims to develop all capacities of human beings -intellectual, aesthetic, social, physical, emotional, and moral in an integrated manner. Such curriculum balances the holistic development of learners with the 21st century skills.

3) Principle of Inclusivity: Inclusivity means providing all groups of learners, irrespective of educational settings, with access to a wide range of knowledge, skills and values. It is necessary to provide learners with opportunities to evaluate how concepts such as culture, gender, disability, race and class are constructed.

4) Principle of Learner-Centeredness: Curriculum planners should take into consideration their learners’ needs, contexts, capacities, experiences, and interests. They also need to take into account the personal and interpersonal relationships, beliefs, and perceptions of learners that are encouraged by the whole educational system.

5) Principle of Coherence: A curriculum can be stated as coherent when learning is built on the previous knowledge of learners. Students learn at their own pace and in different ways, constructing new knowledge and understandings in ways which link their learning to their prior knowledge. There should be connection between and across learning areas.

6) Principle of Relevance: While planning a curriculum, it is essential to determine the relevance of it in terms of societal needs and vocational needs of learners. As the society is changing due to various influences in the digital age, the future citizens must be prepared to face the new challenges and issues through well-planned curriculum. For making a curriculum relevant, it is essential to review it continuously.

7) Principle of Alignment: Alignment is a process to evaluate whether a programme or course addressed the changing needs of students and the workplace. Educators may try to align the content and methodology of teaching with a given set of learning standards prescribed by state and national organizations.

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