Migration: Human migration involves the movement of people from one place to another with intentions of settling, permanently or temporarily, at a new location (geographic region). The movement often occurs over long distances and from one country to another, but internal migration (within a single country) is also possible, indeed, this is the dominant form of human migration globally. Migration is often associated with better human capital at both individual and household level, and with better access to migration networks. Age is also important for both work and non-work migration.
People may migrate as individuals, in family units or in large groups. There are four major forms of migration: invasion, conquest, colonization and emigration/immigration. Persons moving from their home due to forced displacement (such as a natural disaster or civil disturbance) may be described as displaced persons or, if remaining in the home country, internally-displaced persons. A person who seeks refuge in another country can, if the reason for leaving the home country is political, religious, or another form of persecution, make a formal application to that country where refuge is sought and is then usually described as an asylum seeker.
If this application is successful this person’s legal status becomes that of a refugee. In contemporary times, migration governance has become closely associated with state sovereignty. States retain the power of deciding on the entry and stay of non-nationals because migration directly affects some of the defining elements of a State. patterns of migration found in India:
1. Inter-State Migration:
Inter-state migration is internal migration. When people from one state of a country move to another state in the same country for permanent settlement, it is called inter-state migration. The size of people migrating from one place to another is small in India. In the Census of 1961, the registration of 68.6 per cent out of the total population was done at their birth place which shows that only 31.4 per cent people migrated. In the 1971 Census, this number decreased to 29.5 per cent. Inter-state migration during 1961-71 shows that people from Uttar Pradesh, Kerala, West Bengal, Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka, Punjab, Rajasthan, Tamil Nadu, Nagaland, Gujarat, Jammu & Kashmir and Bihar respectively migrated.
Migration was continuously occurring in Maharashtra, Delhi, Madhya Pradesh, Assam and Gujarat. During 1951-61 migration occurred from Jammu & Kashmir and Rajasthan, Bihar and Tamil Nadu to other states, while during 1961 – 71, migration from other states occurred into these states. Thus, during 1951-61, these states were population losing states. During 1961-71, these states came under the category of population gaining states. The inter-state migration data reveal that the highest population (6.41 per cent) migrated from other states to West Bengal in 1961 which is an industrially developed state, while the least people migrated to Jammu & Kashmir, which is a backward state.
Similarly, the highest population (6.49 per cent) migrated to other states from Punjab; while the least population S (0.98 per cent) migrated to other states from Assam. The inter-state migration data reveal that the highest population (6.41 per cent) migrated from other states to West Bengal in 1961 which is an industrially developed state, while the least people migrated to Jammu & Kashmir, which is a backward state. Similarly, the highest population (6.49 per cent) migrated to other states from Punjab; while the least population (0.98 per cent) migrated to other states from Assam.
During 1971-81, there were no important changes in the trends of migration. There was no significant change even in the size of population coming in Maharashtra from other states through migration. The highest population (3.7 per cent) migrated to Maharashtra from the northern states (Bihar, Punjab, etc.).
2. Migrants by Place of Last Residence and Sex:
In India, the migrants by place of last residence and sex are shown in Table 1. The total number of migrants were 23.21 crores in 1991 which come to around 27 per cent of the Indian population. In sex-wise migration, the number of female migrants during 1971-91 due to socio-economic development in India, had increased by about 38 per cent. This is because nearly 65 per cent of the migrants were enumerated in the same districts and nearly 90 per cent of the migrants were enumerated in the same state. The table also shows the decrease in the international migration from 1971 to 1991.
Primitive or Early Migration :
Distinction has often been made between Early/Primitive migration and forced/ impelled migration. Early migrations, particularly in the prehistoric and early historic times, were a sort of random movement and not a planned migration. People were moving out as a result of a kind of human wandering lust. But they were responsible for the peopling of the continents all over the world. These movements have also contributed to the process of inter mixing of civilisations and cultures.
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