Sassanid Empire

 The Sasanian (or the Sassanid) Empire was considered to be the Golden Age of pre-Islamic Iranian empires. This period is known to be among the most significant and influential historical periods of Iran. This Empire was there from the third century CE till the seventh century CE and during this period; a number of developments had taken place in Iran, particularly, in the fields of art, agriculture and urbanization.

It is believed that the Empire had risen through the struggles made by a minor ruler from the province of Persis against the Parthian state and many other neighbouring rulers. There are the following three phases of this empire:

. During the third and fourth centuries, the empire was established and its rulers had wished to create a large empire,

. The period between fifth and the initial sixth century was period of decline due to border attacks by the Hephthalites, who were the most powerful nomadic group of Central Asia.

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. During the remaining part of the 6th and the 7th centuries, there was a kind of renaissance (rebirth) under Khusraul and the empire had achieved great heights.

But there also came up competition for power because of its large wealth. The rulers changed very fast and due to instability, the invading Arab armies had move into the region. It is very difficult to understand a particular Sasanian Era because, for the Sasanians, the time started at the start of the reign of each ruler. There is Iranian as well as non-Iranian sources from which we can know more about the Sasanians. The military organization of the Sasanians has been reconstructed from the archeological remains from sites along the Euphrates River.

But many areas including Anatha and Thiluthat are still unexplored. We know more about the fortifications from the excavations done by the French teams in areas like Bactra. Also, a more clear understanding about the chronology of this Fupire Cambe had from the coins.  There are inscriptions and seals relating this period which also provide us more information. Inscriptions are also available from the starting period of Ardashir I.

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Dio Cassus was a Roman historian of Greek origin who has published many volumes on the history of ancient Rome. He has provided details on the rise of the Sasunians Propeoples was a chronicle person who provides accounts of historical events) who accompanied the Roman general Belisarius in his campaigns against the Sasanians. He has also provided details relating to some aspects of the history of the Sasanians in a factual manner. 

During 977 CE, Firdowsi, a Persian poet, had authored the epic poem Shahnameh which is considered to be an authoritative history for the Sasanian period in Persian language. Written in the twelfth century, Fars-rama by Ibn al-Balkhi. also provides lot of authentic information about the Sasanian period. Also available are the Armenian sources which on a number of occasions have not proved to be reliable, therefore, need to be used judiciously.

Further, in order to study the early Sasanian period, there is Syriac work, Chronicle of Arbela, which is considered to be very useful. Apart from these, there are detailed accounts of the interactions by the Chinese travellers with the Sasanians.

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