Giovanni Gentile (1875-1944) was the chief exponent of the fascist doctrine and was a disciple of Hegel as well as a great admirer of Benito Mussolini. He had described the core elements of his philosophy as anti-intellectualism; the total submission to authority; and contempt for reason. He believed that there was no contradiction between individual and the state and that “maximum of liberty coincides with the maximum force of the state.” Gentile became the official philosopher of Fascism and described it “as a total conception of life.” He further explained in 1928 that Fascism was not a philosophical system but a plan of action.
Mussolini
claimed that Fascist state was to create a new socio-economic and a political
system as all other forms—liberal, democratic, and socialist or communist
system were defective. It advocated strongly about the duties of citizens
rather than their rights
Fascists
were opposed to democracy, liberalism and all forms of socialism, be it
revolutionary or evolutionary. Democracy was decried as stupid, corrupt, slow[1]moving and the worst
form of government—’a decaying corpse’. Parliament was ridiculed as a useless
talking shop. He rejected the Marxist’s advocacy that everything in life was
determined by economic factors and went on to say “economic well-being would
reduce man to the level of animals.” Fascists also rejected the idea of class
war and stood for cooperation between all sectors of society in the glory of
the state.
Fascism
was based on narrow and extreme nationalism. Total commitment to the state was
the utmost duty of citizens. Fascism was also opposed to international peace
and harmony and advocated war as a national policy, as it alone provides an
opportunity to demonstrate the strength of the nation. He said, “War is to man
what maternity is to women.” Hence, territorial expansionism was the avowed
policy of Fascism.
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